Compound
magnesium(2+)
The cation, and a DELIBERATE divergence from the phosphocreatine precedent that chose a neutral parent. Neutral phosphocreatine is a real species in equilibrium with its anion; a neutral magnesium ATOM (CHEBI:25107) is elemental metal, which nobody ingests and which no trial doses. The entity present in every salt and in plasma is Mg(2+). Glycinate, citrate and oxide are FORMS in dose_regimen — bioavailability differs sharply between them, which is why the form must be on every edge.
Studied for
10 endpoints, 11 findings, from 7 papers — 2 of them found no effect.
- Metabolic syndrome (presence)lowersGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.
- C-reactive protein concentrationlowersGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.
- Cardiovascular mortalityraisesGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.
- Diastolic blood pressure (setting unspecified)lowersGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.
- Fasting blood glucoselowersGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.
Structure
Drawn to a common scale across every element, so the circles on one page are comparable with those on another. There is no three-dimensional model because a single atom has no arrangement to show — the chemistry is in the change of size, not in the shape.
- Class
- Element, as a monatomic cation
- Formula
- Mg
- Mass
- 24.305 g/mol
- Charge
- +2
- InChIKey
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES
- [Mg+2]
- Look it up
- ChEBIBy InChIKey
Identity from ChEBI. Not evidence — none of it carries a grade.
What the evidence says
How to read these marks11 findings across 10 endpoints, from 7 papers, strongest first, 2 of them null.
What moved
9 findings
Decreases fasting blood glucose
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Finding“Compared with placebo, Mg supplementation reduced fasting plasma glucose in people with diabetes.”
Quoted verbatim from Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- people with diabetes
Decreases systolic blood pressure (setting unspecified)
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Finding“Magnesium intake resulted in a reduction in systolic BP of -2.81 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.32 to -1.29) and diastolic BP by -2.05 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.23 to -0.88) compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- median 365 mg/d elemental magnesium (range 82.3-637 mg), median intervention period 12 weeks
- Population
- hypertensive and normotensive adults in randomized controlled trials of at least 4 weeks
Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2025PMID:41000008
Decreases metabolic syndrome (presence)
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Findingreplicated ×1“In the analysis of all of the studies, the overall RR demonstrated a statistically significant inverse association between dietary magnesium intake of an increase in 150 mg/day and metabolic syndrome (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.84–0.93).”
Quoted verbatim from Dietary magnesium intake and metabolic syndrome in the adult population: dose-response meta-analysis and meta-regression.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults in 10 observational studies (8 cross-sectional, 2 prospective cohort); dietary magnesium intake, per 150 mg/day increment
Effect 0.88 risk ratio, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.93
Dietary magnesium intake and metabolic syndrome in the adult population: dose-response meta-analysis and meta-regression.2014PMID:25533010
Increases cardiovascular mortality
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Finding“Those patients with baseline hypermagnesemia had a significantly higher risk of CV mortality (RR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.78) or ACM (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18-1.54) than those with baseline normomagnesemia.”
Quoted verbatim from The association of serum magnesium and mortality outcomes in heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- chronic heart failure patients with baseline hypermagnesemia versus normomagnesemia
The association of serum magnesium and mortality outcomes in heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.2016PMID:27977579
Decreases diastolic blood pressure (setting unspecified)
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Finding“Magnesium intake resulted in a reduction in systolic BP of -2.81 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.32 to -1.29) and diastolic BP by -2.05 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.23 to -0.88) compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- median 365 mg/d elemental magnesium (range 82.3-637 mg), median intervention period 12 weeks
- Population
- hypertensive and normotensive adults in randomized controlled trials of at least 4 weeks
Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2025PMID:41000008
Decreases metabolic syndrome (presence)
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Findingreplicated ×1“As shown in, for the five cross-sectional studies that reported risk of having metabolic syndrome according to magnesium intake categories, the pooled estimate from the meta-analysis indicated an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.”
Quoted verbatim from Dietary magnesium intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- General adult populations (age >=18 years) in five pooled cross-sectional studies; highest versus lowest category of dietary magnesium intake estimated from food-frequency questionnaires, diet recalls or food records. Metabolic syndrome defined by NCEP/ATP III criteria. Not a supplementation trial.
Dietary magnesium intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.2014PMID:24975384
Show the remaining 3
Decreases C-reactive protein concentration
LikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.Finding“In meta-analysis, Mg supplementation significantly decreased serum C reactive protein (CRP) and increased nitric oxide (NO) levels.”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Inflammatory Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults in RCTs of oral Mg supplementation vs placebo (mean age 46 y, 62.5% female)
Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Inflammatory Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2022PMID:35277037
Decreases mean power output
PreliminaryGrade D, Preliminary. Non-human or in vitro only.Finding“Compared with the placebo, the mean power output was lower ( p = 0.03) after magnesium supplementation in 11/13 participants (mean decrease of 24 ± 36 W).”
Quoted verbatim from Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 13
- Duration
- 9 days
- Dose
- magnesium chloride 300 mg (ReMag) twice per day for 9 days
- Population
- Healthy regularly exercising adults aged 18-40; primary outcome (sprint exercise performance); 30-second all-out cycle ergometer sprint, complete data available for 13 of 15 participants
Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.2025PMID:40077784Industry funded
Decreases maximal oxygen uptake
PreliminaryGrade D, Preliminary. Non-human or in vitro only.Finding“Compared with the placebo, the VO2max was lower ( p = 0.005) after magnesium supplementation in 11/15 participants (mean decrease: 3.1 ± 3.6 mL/kg/min).”
Quoted verbatim from Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 15
- Duration
- 9 days
- Dose
- magnesium chloride 300 mg (ReMag) twice per day for 9 days
- Population
- Healthy regularly exercising adults aged 18-40 (8 male, 7 female); primary outcome; incremental cycle ergometer test to volitional fatigue with breath-by-breath indirect calorimetry
Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.2025PMID:40077784Industry funded
What did not
2 findings
Measured, and no effect detected. These are findings, not gaps — a trial that looked and found nothing is the most easily lost result in this field.
No detected effect on peak power output
PreliminaryGrade D, Preliminary. Non-human or in vitro only.FindingNull result“The peak power was unaffected by magnesium (655 ± 150 with the placebo vs. 665 ± 185 W with magnesium; p = 0.70).”
Quoted verbatim from Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 13
- Duration
- 9 days
- Dose
- magnesium chloride 300 mg (ReMag) twice per day for 9 days
- Population
- Healthy regularly exercising adults aged 18-40; primary outcome (sprint exercise performance); 30-second all-out cycle ergometer sprint, complete data available for 13 of 15 participants
Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.2025PMID:40077784Industry funded
No detected effect on time-trial completion time
PreliminaryGrade D, Preliminary. Non-human or in vitro only.FindingNull result“The time taken to complete the 10 km time trial was not different ( p = 0.89) between the placebo (1282 ± 126 s) and magnesium (1281 ± 97 s).”
Quoted verbatim from Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 15
- Duration
- 9 days
- Dose
- magnesium chloride 300 mg (ReMag) twice per day for 9 days
- Population
- Healthy regularly exercising adults aged 18-40; primary outcome; self-paced simulated 10 km stationary cycle ergometer time trial
Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.2025PMID:40077784Industry funded
What it touches on the way
A finding says magnesium(2+) moved an endpoint. This is the biology in between: the proteins and reactions it runs through to get there. It is where to look for the two things a list of findings cannot answer — why a result might happen, and what else acts on the same machinery.
23 of these are proteins with a page of their own, and that is the door: a protein page says what else it carries, which is how one compound leads to the next.
Mechanistic reach
23 entities
23 entities reached, most connected first. Hub metabolites are excluded, so this is not a claim that the compound touches everything.
0 reported hop23 assembled from the scaffold
- VDAC1ProteinUNIPROT:P21796transported byInferred only182 paths182 endpoints
- SLC25A23ProteinUNIPROT:Q9BV35transported byInferred only68 paths34 endpoints
- PIEZO1ProteinUNIPROT:Q92508transported byInferred only42 paths42 endpoints
- SLC41A1ProteinUNIPROT:Q8IVJ1transported byInferred only13 paths13 endpoints
- SLC41A3ProteinUNIPROT:Q96GZ6transported byInferred only8 paths8 endpoints
- CLDN10ProteinUNIPROT:P78369transported byInferred only4 paths4 endpoints
- CLDN19ProteinUNIPROT:Q8N6F1transported byInferred only4 paths4 endpoints
- TMEM63BProteinUNIPROT:Q5T3F8transported byInferred only4 paths4 endpoints
- SLC25A25ProteinUNIPROT:Q6KCM7transported byInferred only3 paths3 endpoints
- GRIA4ProteinUNIPROT:P48058transported byInferred only3 paths3 endpoints
- NIPA1ProteinUNIPROT:Q7RTP0transported byInferred only3 paths3 endpoints
- TMEM150CProteinUNIPROT:B9EJG8transported byInferred only3 paths3 endpoints
Show the remaining 11
- NIPA2ProteinUNIPROT:Q8N8Q9transported byInferred only3 paths3 endpoints
- TRPM1ProteinUNIPROT:Q7Z4N2transported byInferred only2 paths2 endpoints
- TRPA1ProteinUNIPROT:O75762transported byInferred only2 paths2 endpoints
- TRPM7ProteinUNIPROT:Q96QT4transported byInferred only2 paths2 endpoints
- MCOLN1ProteinUNIPROT:Q9GZU1transported byInferred only2 paths2 endpoints
- SLC41A2ProteinUNIPROT:Q96JW4transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
- TRPM3ProteinUNIPROT:Q9HCF6transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
- GRIA1ProteinUNIPROT:P42261transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
- TRPV2ProteinUNIPROT:Q9Y5S1transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
- NIPAL1ProteinUNIPROT:Q6NVV3transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
- NIPAL4ProteinUNIPROT:Q0D2K0transported byInferred only1 path1 endpoint
Where it reaches
10 systems, 28 regions, 197 tissues, 316 transporter routes.
Loading the model…