L-cysteine

Three steps

• (15S)-15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin G2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin G2 = (15S)-15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E2

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1, PTGEScytosol, extracellular space

• acetoneReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

  Catalysed by CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by NAGS, AACS, HMGCS1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 12(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALOX12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GPX5 and 8 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• 5(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALOX5cytosol, extracellular space

• (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SHMT1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. histamine N-methyltransferase (SAM)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SHMT1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• all-trans-3-hydroxyretinolReach from here →
  1. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. all-trans-retinol + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] + O2 + 2 H(+) = all-trans-3-hydroxyretinol + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin] + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, RETSAT, CYP27C1

• formateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by NAGS, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYAT1, KYAT3, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• malonateReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. hydrogen sulfide + 2 O2 = sulfate + H(+)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by CTH, SOD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 1 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CDO1, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, CADcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• keto-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. D-glucosamine-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, GFPT2 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-lactateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGHcytosol

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, TSTD1, GSTT4, GSTA4 and 21 morecytosol

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by NAGS, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by NAGS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisome

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLR, NME4 and 5 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLR, DTYMKcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, MTRRextracellular space, cytosol

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLRcytosolOne of 2 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SCLYextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT, GRHPRcytosolOne of 4 routes

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  2. hydrogen sulfide + 2 O2 = sulfate + H(+)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by CTH, SOD1, SLC22A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, RSAD2extracellular space, cytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLC7A9, SLCO1B3, SULT2A1cytosol, extracellular space

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ARG1, CA1, CA2extracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dopamine quinoneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MPOcytosol, extracellular space, lysosomeOne of 4 routes

• (R)-pantetheineReach from here →
  1. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  2. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase
  3. pantetheine-4'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by PPCS, PPCDC, PANK4cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, L2HGDHextracellular space, cytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAGS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol