(S)-malate

Three steps

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, GLDC, GCSHmitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by CS, BAATmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by CS, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CSmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by CS, ACP2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by CSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CS, ACAA1, MYO5Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CS, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by CS, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2
  2. cis-aconitate carboxy-lyase
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC25A1, ACOD1, SUCLG1, SUCLG2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CS, CROTmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by CSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, GPX1, GPX2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, PIPOXOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. Folate Transport by Oats
  3. dihydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SLC22A8, SLC22A7, DHFR and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, SHMT1, SHMT2

• (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SUOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = methylglyoxal + glutathione

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, GLO1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• dihydroxyacetone phosphateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol

  Catalysed by FH, SDHB, GPD2cytosol

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, GLYATL3, GLYAT and 1 more

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, ESDmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SLC26A6mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3',5'-cyclic GMPReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic GMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic GMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC22A6mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, NPL, CMASmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by CS, SAT1, SAT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• adenosine 5'-phosphoramidateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase
  3. adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + NH4(+) = adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + sulfate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, PAPSS1, PAPSS2, FHITmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. L-tryptophan(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tryptophan(in) + L-aspartate(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 19 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, KYNUmitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by GOT2, GAD2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, MGST3, GSTM4 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT, HYImitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GOT2, ASNSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 18 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. IMP + L-aspartate + GTP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by FH, ADSL, TNRC6B, ADSS2 and 1 morecytosol