L-alanine

Three steps

• acetoneReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHATmitochondrial matrix, nucleus, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AACS, HMGCS1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, GPX5, GPX1 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1, SHMT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. histamine N-methyltransferase (SAM)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1, HNMTmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. choline dehydrogenase (choline)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CHDHmitochondrial matrix, nucleus, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• formateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYAT1, KYAT3, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• malonateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• bromideReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, MGST3 and 16 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• keto-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. D-glucosamine-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, GFPT2 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamineReach from here →
  1. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  2. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGA

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CTH, SELENBP1extracellular space, cytosol

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, GSTT4 and 22 moremitochondrial matrix

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisome

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• selenophosphateReach from here →
  1. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. ATP:selenide, water phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SCLY, SEPHS1, SEPHS2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, NME4 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, DTYMKmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLRmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, GRHPRmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CDO1, GAD1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ARG1, CA1, CA2extracellular space, cytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GNMT, PIPOX and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)
  3. Dephospho-CoA nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by ACP2, ENPP3, ENPP1mitochondrial matrix, lysosome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  2. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O
  3. 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + H(+)

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS2, PLA2G4AOne of 3 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, GAMTmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHB, LDHAL6B, CYB5D1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus