glycine

Three steps

• N-hexacosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-hexacosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O
  3. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+) = 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + H2O

  Catalysed by GLYATL3, GLYATL2, FAAH, PM20D1 and 5 more

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by GSS, SQOR, NQO2

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, TBXAS1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DIO1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2, FAHD1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ALDH6A1, MMUTperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by DAO, CLYBL, SUCLG1, SUCLA2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by BAAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 5 moreperoxisome, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 3-methyl-(2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)
  3. 3-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by BAAT, GLYAT, MCCC1, MCCC2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• (2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + O2 = (2E)-glutaconyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by BAAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by BAAT, ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1 and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)
  3. (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• choloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cholate + ATP + CoA = choloyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC27A5cytosol, extracellular space

• (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H(+) = propanoyl-CoA + CO2

  Catalysed by BAAT, ECHDC1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2 + NAD(+) = 15-oxoprostaglandin E2 + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, HPGDcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, CBR3, CBR1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 15-dehydro-prostaglandin D2 reduction

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 6 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SAT1, SAT2, SRMperoxisome, cytosol

• (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX5, ALOX15, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular space

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thromboxane B2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A2 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX15B, ALOX15, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular space

• (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX5cytosol, extracellular space

• (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SHMT1, MTHFD2, MTHFD2Lcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• leukotriene E4Reach from here →
  1. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis
  2. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate
  3. leukotriene D4 + H2O = leukotriene E4 + glycine

  Catalysed by GGT1, GGT5, DPEP1, DPEP2cytosol

• propane-1,3-diamineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. [eIF5A protein]-L-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A protein]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine

  Catalysed by BAAT, SAT1, SAT2, DHPSperoxisome, cytosol

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, CARNS1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3-iodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPNAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, AGXT2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by BAAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bperoxisome, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• succinate semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC6A9, SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol

• 3',5'-cyclic GMPReach from here →
  1. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  2. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic GMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic GMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, CDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC6A9, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SGSHextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by BAAT, GADL1, CSADperoxisome, cytosol

• N-phosphocreatineReach from here →
  1. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
  3. creatine kinase (creatine)

  Catalysed by GATM, GAMT, CKM, CKB and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes