CHEBI:15971

Three steps

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SHMT1, DHFR, DHFR2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate N-formiminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SHMT1, FTCDextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GLO1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-L-histidine hydrolase
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3-iodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPNAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, ADSS2, ADSS1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bextracellular space, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, ADH1C and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• succinate semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. Formation of homocarnosine
  2. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2, ABATcytosol

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 8 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, CDO1, GADL1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SGSHextracellular space, cytosol

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC25A2, DDAH1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, AGAextracellular space, cytosol

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A6, GADL1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• porphobilinogenReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ALAS1, ALAS2, CPNE7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. phosphoethanolamine + H2O = acetaldehyde + NH4(+) + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ETNPPLextracellular space, cytosol

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, PAPSS1, PAPSS2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + N,N-dimethylglycine + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + sarcosine + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, PIPOX, DMGDHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamyl 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate
  3. L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP(+) = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, OAT, ALDH18A1extracellular space, cytosol

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 36 routes

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
  3. L-saccharopine + NAD(+) + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, AASSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, DHPS, AOC2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, CHAC2, CHAC1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC25A2, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, PAICSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AADAT, KYAT3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 20 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC25A2, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SHMT1, ATICextracellular space, cytosol

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, HADHA, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, CLYBLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, KYNU, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes