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kynurenate

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

107 compounds within 3 steps: 2 in 1, 24 in 2, 81 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

One step

a dicarboxylateReach from here →
1. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
Catalysed by SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes
glutarateReach from here →
1. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
Catalysed by SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

Two steps

indoxyl sulfateReach from here →
1. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
2. indoxyl sulfate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = indoxyl sulfate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes
sulfateReach from here →
1. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

Three steps

CHEBI:1146900Reach from here →
Catalysed by SLC22A6, SUGCT, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol
pregnenolone sulfateReach from here →

Page 1 of 3

Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

itaconateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
itaconate + glutaryl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + glutarate

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

urateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(out) + glutarate(in) = 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

L-sepiapterinReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
L-sepiapterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = L-sepiapterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

glycocholateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

adipic acidReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
hexanedioate + glutaryl-CoA = hexanedioyl-CoA + glutarate

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

(indol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
(indol-3-yl)acetate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (indol-3-yl)acetate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

taurocholateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
taurocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = taurocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

glutaryl-CoAReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

3',5'-cyclic GMPReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
3',5'-cyclic GMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic GMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

3',5'-cyclic AMPReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
3',5'-cyclic AMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic AMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLC22A11inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin E2Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

N-benzoylglycineReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(out) + glutarate(in) = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(in) + glutarate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STS

inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatus

One of 2 routes

androsterone 3alpha-sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

prostaglandin A2Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)
scavenger receptor class F (prostaglandin A2)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, SCARF2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)
15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha reduction

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLC22A11 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

cholesterol sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
Steryl-Sulfatase

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

an aryl sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
an aryl sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate + H(+)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, ARSL and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

(S)-malateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

(4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

malonateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

ureaReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
Peroxidase

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, MPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, nucleusOne of 3 routes

(S)-lactateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)
prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, SLCO2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

quinolinic acidReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
Transport of Quinolinic Acid

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:16856Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
taurocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = taurocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLCO1A2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

oxalic acidReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

CHEBI:17208Reach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

estroneReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
Estrone 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLC22A11 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

propanoateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
propanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = propanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLC22A11 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

sulfiteReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
sulfite(in) + sulfate(out) = sulfite(out) + sulfate(in)

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
(R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, CPT2, CPT1A and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
Steryl-Sulfatase

Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

xanthineReach from here →

kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, XDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes