4-aminobutanoate

Three steps

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A4, MTHFD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, PAHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. choline dehydrogenase (choline)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC5A7, CHDHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, DHPSextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. Formation of homocarnosine
  2. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  3. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, THextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (R)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. Formation of 4-Hydroxy-Butyrate
  3. 4-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + succinate semialdehyde

  Catalysed by ABAT, ADHFE1mitochondrial matrix

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, GFPT2, GFPT1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC7A9, SLC3A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, SLC3A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. Formation of homocarnosine
  2. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2cytosolOne of 17 routes

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, EPXextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SCLYextracellular space, cytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, MARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. 4-guanidinobutanoate + H2O = urea + 4-aminobutanoate
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by GATM, AGMAT, CA1, CA2

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CNDP2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Threonine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SDS, SDSLextracellular space, cytosol

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, KYAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, GSSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, DAOextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• creatineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, GAMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A4, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (lithocholate)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A6, BAATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sulfite(in) + sulfate(out) = sulfite(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• D-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC1A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, CLTRN, SLC6A20, PRODH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CPT2, CPT1Aextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A6, MTO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• S-methyl-5'-thioadenosineReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, SRMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, ALAS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• diiodineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A4, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, BHMT, BHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, AARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17769Reach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. Formation of homocarnosine
  2. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2, HALcytosolOne of 2 routes

• urateReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. 4-guanidinobutanoate + H2O = urea + 4-aminobutanoate
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GATM, AGMAT, MPOnucleusOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosol