thioredoxin dithiol

Three steps

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and sulfotaurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
  3. L-saccharopine + NAD(+) + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by AASScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. mitothioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, PAOXcytosol, extracellular space

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by DHPS, AOC2, AOC1, AOC3cytosol

• 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. 1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 6 morecytosol

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, CHAC2, CHAC1cytosol

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminopentanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, AADATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase

  Catalysed by KYNU, KYAT3, AADATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, AADATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dCTP + H2O = 2'-deoxycytidine + triphosphate + H(+)
  3. 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate = 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + triphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 3 morecytosol

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-imidazole AMP-lyase

  Catalysed by PAICS, ADSLcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• N(tau)-methylhistamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by HDC, HNMTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, AADATcytosol

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by GOT2, PCK1, PCK2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• thiamine triphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. Antiport of thiamine-diphosphate and dATP
  3. ATP:thiamine-diphosphate phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• methylamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + methylamine

  Catalysed by AGXT2, DDAH1cytosol

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by GLYATL3, GLYATL2, PAMcytosolOne of 5 routes

• (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-tyrosine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tyrosine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, PAHcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• pyridoxal 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate + O2 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O2

  Catalysed by SCLY, PNPOcytosol

• 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction

  Catalysed by BCAT2, SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10 and 15 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an L-alpha-amino acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A11cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, ACAD10cytosol

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. estrone 3-sulfate + H2O = estrone + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, STScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• decanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• a ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase (dADP)
  3. 2'-deoxycytidine + a ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate = dCMP + a ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 3 morecytosol

• Fe(II)-heme aReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. Fe(II)-heme o + 2 A + H2O = Fe(II)-heme a + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, COX15cytosol

• (R)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + H(+) = (R)-4'-phosphopantetheine + CO2

  Catalysed by PPCS, PPCDCcytosol

• (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline
  3. trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC1A4, PYCR1, PYCR3, PYCR2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC4A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde

  Catalysed by DERAcytosol

• leukotriene D4Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis
  3. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGT1, GGT5cytosol

• CHEBI:63544Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (adrenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• 3-demethylubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+) = ubiquinol-10 + thiosulfate
  3. 3-demethylubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SQOR, COQ3cytosol

• hexacosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• tetracosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes