oxaloacetate

Three steps

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by FAHD1, AACScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

  Catalysed by CS, ALDH6A1, MMUTmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CS, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-methyl-(2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)
  3. 3-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CS, GLYAT, MCCC1, MCCC2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + O2 = (2E)-glutaconyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by CS, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CS, ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)
  3. (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + NADPH + H(+) = hexadecanoyl-CoA + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by CS, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H(+) = propanoyl-CoA + CO2

  Catalysed by CS, ECHDC1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by FAHD1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by FAHD1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by FAHD1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by FAHD1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CS, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CS, SAT1, SAT2, SRMmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CS, BAAT, MTO1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by CS, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix

• propane-1,3-diamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. [eIF5A protein]-L-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A protein]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine

  Catalysed by CS, SAT1, SAT2, DHPSmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GOT2, GAD2, CARNS1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADATmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13, SLC7A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by FAHD1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CS, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GOT2, GAD2, GATMmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13, SLC7A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• dGMPReach from here →
  1. GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding GTP
  2. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. 2-Deoxyguanosine 5-Triphosphate Pyrophosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by PCK1, PKM, PKLR, ITPAcytosol, extracellular space

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by CS, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by FAHD1, NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, GADL1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, SGSHmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-tyrosine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tyrosine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-tyrosine + O2 = L-dopaquinone + H2O

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13, TYRmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamine(in)
  3. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13, SLC1A5mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 9 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13, SLC43A1mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CS, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by CS, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by FAHD1, AGXT, HYIcytosolOne of 2 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GOT2, AGXT2, DDAH1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. IMP + L-aspartate + GTP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GOT2, ADSS2, ADSS1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CS, BAAT, GATMmitochondrial matrix, cytosol