thioredoxin dithiol

Three steps

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLYATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLYATL3cytosol

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 14 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 21 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, GPX1, GPX2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. thymidine kinase (deoxyuridine)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 2 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate N-formiminotransferase

  Catalysed by SHMT1, FTCDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOXcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = methylglyoxal + glutathione

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, GLO1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-fructose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 6 morecytosol

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CARNS1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by AADATcytosol

• 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3-iodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by TPOcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase
  3. acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase
  3. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 6 morecytosol

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, ESDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC25A12, SLC25A13, GADL1, CSADcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SGSHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, STScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dCTP + H2O = 2'-deoxycytidine + triphosphate + H(+)
  3. 2'-deoxycytidine + a ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate = dCMP + a ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 3 morecytosol

• 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactoneReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 6 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, DDAH1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dADP to dATP conversion
  3. dGMP + inosine = 2'-deoxyguanosine + IMP

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space

• porphobilinogenReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing

  Catalysed by ALAS1, ALAS2, CPNE7, ALADcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. phosphoethanolamine + H2O = acetaldehyde + NH4(+) + phosphate

  Catalysed by ETNPPLcytosol

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, PAPSS1, PAPSS2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + N,N-dimethylglycine + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + sarcosine + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by PIPOX, DMGDHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. mitothioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SAT1, SAT2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. mitothioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, AOC1cytosol, extracellular space

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. 3-mercaptopyruvate:sulfide sulfurtransferase
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, MPST, TST, TSTD1cytosolOne of 37 routes