L-glutamine

Three steps

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SHMT1, MTHFD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. histamine N-methyltransferase (SAM)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SHMT1, HNMTextracellular space, cytosol

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, MOCOS and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• formateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYAT1, KYAT3, AADATextracellular space, cytosol

• malonateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 1 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• bromideReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, MGST3, GSTA4 and 15 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamine(in)
  2. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, AGAinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, CTH and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dihydroxyacetoneReach from here →
  1. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  2. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)
  3. beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

  Catalysed by GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1, GNPDA2 and 1 morecytosol

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, GSTT4, GSTA4 and 21 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 morecytosol, peroxisome

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by QARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, ABATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by QARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by KYAT1, MOCOS, MTRRcytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16332Reach from here →
  1. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  2. D-glucosamine-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
  3. D-Fructose 6-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehyde transferase

  Catalysed by GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1, GNPDA2 and 3 morecytosol

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 9 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by QARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• selaneReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SCLYcytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, KYNUcytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = D-serine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  2. D-serine + O2 + H2O = 3-hydroxypyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  3. (R)-glycerate + NAD(+) = 3-hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A5, DAO, GRHPRinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, CDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, MOCOS, RSAD2cytosol

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ARG1, CA1, CA2extracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYAT1, MOCOS, L2HGDHcytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by KYAT1, MIFcytosol

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GNMT, PIPOX, SARDHextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, FAHD1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, PPCS and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2cytosol, Golgi apparatus

• D-erythrose 4-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  2. D-glucosamine-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
  3. D-Fructose 6-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehyde transferase

  Catalysed by GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1, GNPDA2 and 3 morecytosol

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SCLYcytosol