L-glutamine

Three steps

• docosanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. Docosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SLC1A4, PRODH2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. Stearoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• octanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CROT, ACOT7cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, HDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A8, SLC22A7extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SDS and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• decanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. Decanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SCLY, CTHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acidReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, GPX5, GPX1 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexacosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = hexacosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 morecytosol

• (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine
  3. Phenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, HPDcytosol

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, GOT2 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 4 morecytosol

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by KYAT1, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHcytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:28862Reach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by QARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A8extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:29052Reach from here →
  1. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  2. D-glucosamine-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
  3. sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase

  Catalysed by GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1, GNPDA2 and 1 morecytosol

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, CLIC1, GSTO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. Ca(2+)(out) + K(+)(out) + 4 Na(+)(in) = Ca(2+)(in) + K(+)(in) + 4 Na(+)(out)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SLC1A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• 3-methyl-1-hydroxybutylthiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPO, MPO, LPOextracellular space, cytosol

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, CTH and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hydrogenselenideReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, MOCOS, SCLYcytosol

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC5A7, PHOSPHO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• glycolateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  3. glycolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DAO, GRHPRextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. D-aspartate(out) + K(+)(in) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = D-aspartate(in) + K(+)(out) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SLC1A1 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 13 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 morecytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, PAOX, SMOXextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AADAT, HAO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-Kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by KYAT1, KYNUcytosol

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GLYATL3, GLYATL2, FAAH and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by ACOT8cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT1, AGXT2, AGXTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
  2. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CADcytosolOne of 2 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, CP, PRDX6extracellular space, cytosol

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BAAT, SLC22A24extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. Phenylacetyl-CoA:L-glutamine alpha-N-phenylacetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ACLY, GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes