Ca(2+)

“The meta-analysis results suggest that high levels of calcium intake were associated with decreased all-cause mortality, but not cardiovascular mortality, regardless of average calcium intake.”

“The meta-analysis of trial level data showed similar results: 296 people had a myocardial infarction (166 allocated to calcium, 130 to placebo), with an increased incidence of myocardial infarction in those allocated to calcium (pooled relative risk 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.59, P=0.038).”

“Calcium supplementation during pregnancy was also associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality [RR 0.70; 95 % CI 0.56-0.88] and risk of pre-term birth [RR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.78-0.99].”

“Pooled analysis showed that calcium supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction of 45% in risk of gestational hypertension [Relative risk (RR) 0.55; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.85] and 59% in the risk of pre-eclampsia [RR 0.41; 95 % CI 0.24-0.69] in developing countries.”

“Pooled analysis showed that calcium supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction of 45% in risk of gestational hypertension [Relative risk (RR) 0.55; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.85] and 59% in the risk of pre-eclampsia [RR 0.41; 95 % CI 0.24-0.69] in developing countries.”

“Moderate-certainty evidence shows that calcium supplementation compared to placebo or control probably results in a small reduction in body mass index (BMI) (MD -0.18 kg/m2,95% CI -0.22 to -0.13; P < 0.001, I2 = 0%; 9 studies, 731 participants) and waist circumference (MD -0.51 cm, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.29; P < 0.001, I2 = 0%; 6 studies, 273 participants).”

“However, calcium supplementation did not improve the BMD levels at the lumbar spine (0.090, 95% CI: −0.044 to 0.224, p = 0.190) or total hip (0.257, 95% CI: −0.053 to 0.566, p = 0.104) or the BMC level at the total hip (0.116, 95% CI: −0.382 to 0.614, p = 0.648).”

“The association between calcium administration and hip fracture [risk ratio (RR) 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91 to 2.69, I2=28%; P=0.11], vertebral fracture (RR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.10, I2=0%; P=0.49) or other fractures (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.06, I2=0%; P=0.14) was not significant in comparison to either no treatment or placebo administration.”

“The association between calcium administration and hip fracture [risk ratio (RR) 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91 to 2.69, I2=28%; P=0.11], vertebral fracture (RR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.10, I2=0%; P=0.49) or other fractures (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.06, I2=0%; P=0.14) was not significant in comparison to either no treatment or placebo administration.”

“There were no statistically significant differences between women who received calcium supplementation and those who did not in terms of reducing preterm births less than 37 weeks' gestation (risk ratio (RR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 1.05; 13 studies, 16,139 women; random-effects model) or less than 34 weeks' gestation (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.36; four trials, 5669).”