D-alanine

Three steps

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• palmitoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• oleoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• phenylacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Phenylacetate:CoA ligase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrixOne of 48 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GNMTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ZDHHC11B, NAA10, ESCO2 and 29 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, DHPSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, NAA10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15746Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SAT1, SAT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, THinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SLC25A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, GFPT2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• thioredoxin dithiolReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, NME4 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, ARG1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, DTYMKcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, MTRRinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• iodideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 25 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLRcytosol

• selaneReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLYinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, EPXinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. alanine racemase
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, TYW1B, TYW1, MARS1cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, GRHPRcytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, RSAD2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by DAO, TYW1B, TYW1, AADAT

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreOne of 2 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, DDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, L2HGDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GSSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, DAOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLYinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHB, LDHAL6B, CYB5D1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, NAT8Linner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, NPLcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum