L-cystine

Three steps

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GPX5 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, MOCOS and 1 morecytosol

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GLO1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, ADH1C and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, CDO1 and 2 morecytosol

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, SGSHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT, HYIcytosolOne of 2 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, AGXT2, DDAH1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. IMP + L-aspartate + GTP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, ADSS2, ADSS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, PAPSS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, AOC1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLR, ENO1 and 2 morecytosol

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and sulfotaurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, PAOXinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by GSR, CHAC2, CHAC1cytosol

• histamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminopentanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, KYNU, AADATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GOT2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 16 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, KYNU, AADATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-imidazole AMP-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, PAICS, ADSLinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes