(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate

Three steps

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GCATmitochondrial matrix

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by HOGA1, HMGCL, HMGCLL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, ADI1

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLDC, GCSHmitochondrial matrix

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, ME2, SUCLG1, SUCLA2

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, ALDH6A1One of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, PIPOXOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, SHMT1, SHMT2

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL3, GLYAT and 1 more

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GATMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GSS

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, KYNUmitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A10mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATcytosol

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT, HYIcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 24 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, KYNUmitochondrial matrix

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, PKM, PKLR, ENO1 and 2 morecytosol

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATOne of 3 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC1A4mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrix

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by HOGA1, PC, PCK1, PCK2mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by HOGA1, TYW1B, TYW1, MSRA

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by HOGA1, TYW1B, TYW1, MSRB3 and 2 more

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2One of 2 routes