L-alanine

Three steps

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• CHEBI:28862Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC22A6, SLC22A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, NPLmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, FAHD1mitochondrial matrix

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, CLIC1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. Ca(2+)(out) + K(+)(out) + 4 Na(+)(in) = Ca(2+)(in) + K(+)(in) + 4 Na(+)(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC1A1, SLC24A1, SLC24A5 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• 3-methyl-1-hydroxybutylthiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPO, MPO, LPOextracellular space, cytosol

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CTH, SUMF1extracellular space, cytosol

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by CHAT, PHOSPHO1mitochondrial matrix, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. choloyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5B, ACOT8mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• glycolateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  3. glycolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, DAO, GRHPRmitochondrial matrix, peroxisome, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. D-aspartate(out) + K(+)(in) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = D-aspartate(in) + K(+)(out) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC1A1, SLC1A7, SLC1A3 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by PAOX, SMOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AADAT, HAO1mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PC, CSmitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 6 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by ACOT8mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  2. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CADcytosolOne of 3 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, CP and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACOT8 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PC, GOT2mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)
  3. (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, GSTO1, GSTO2extracellular space, cytosol

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 10 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• a 2-oxocarboxylateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. an L-alpha-amino acid + O2 + H2O = a 2-oxocarboxylate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A11, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane