L-threonine

Three steps

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GLYATL3, GLYATL2, FAAH and 1 more

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-threonine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-threonine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC1A4, PRODH2, DHODHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSS, CP, PRDX6

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, SLC22A24peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GATM, SLC25A2, SLC25A15cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GATM, ODC1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  2. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A5, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2One of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, SLC7A5, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SHMT1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SHMT1, SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + 2-oxobutanoate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + (2S)-2-aminobutanoate
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SHMT1, SLC7A5, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SHMT1, SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• D-glucopyranose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  2. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
  3. glucose-6-phosphatase (carbamoyl-phosphate)

  Catalysed by SLC1A5, CAD, G6PC2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, LDHDcytosol

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. Acetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, ALDH3A1, ALDH3B1, ALDH1A3 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, CH25Hinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, RIDA

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, PKM and 1 morecytosol

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, NPLcytosol

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSS, CLIC2, GPX1 and 3 more

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. Acetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by SHMT1, ALDH3A1, ALDH3B1, ALDH1A3 and 2 morecytosol

• taurineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, RETSATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-threonine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-threonine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC1A4, PRODH2, NQO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde
  3. 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate

  Catalysed by SHMT1, DERA, PGM2

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, AGXT2, FAHD1

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, ALDH6A1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, ACP2peroxisome, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, ACAA1, MYO5BperoxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, ACADS, ACADSBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GLYATmitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 4 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 10 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, GLYATL3

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by SHMT1, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 12 routes