CHEBI:17927

Three steps

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PAOX, SMOX, ODC1, OATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CRAT, CROT, NUDT19cytosol, peroxisome

• S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 morecytosol

• S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 morecytosol

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 morecytosol

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-Retinol 11-cis-trans-isomerase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, PRODH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, CPT2cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 14 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, MTO1cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase (11-Cis)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosol

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ALAS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol

• nitrateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. Fe(II)-heme b-[protein] + nitric oxide + O2 = Fe(III)-heme b-[protein] + nitrate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A5, HALextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• urateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, ARG1, MPOextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a triacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7, BCAT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, GOT2, TATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, ASLextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• spermine monoaldehydeReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SRM, SMS and 3 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC25A20cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18132Reach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. ATP:choline phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CHKA, CHKBcytosol, nucleus

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dodecanoateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, GARTcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA + O2 = (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 morecytosol

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, GSScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by NAGS, SLC7A8cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosol

• biocytinReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. L-lysine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-lysine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. biocytin + H2O = biotin + L-lysine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A9, SLC25A29 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate

  Catalysed by ACLY, AGXT2cytosolOne of 7 routes

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC25A29, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + butanoyl-CoA = 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 4 morecytosol