pyruvate

Three steps

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5, BCAT1mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, BAATmitochondrial matrix

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, BAATmitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• (R)-mevalonateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. (R)-mevalonate + 2 NADP(+) + CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by HMGCL, HMGCLL1, HMGCRmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYNUmitochondrial matrix

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, BAATmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, GCATmitochondrial matrix

• D-glucopyranose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  2. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)
  3. dATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, DTYMK, HK1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, CH25Hmitochondrial matrix

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)
  3. retinol dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-1-hydroxypropylthiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
  2. 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine-diphosphate[m] + lipoamide[m] = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide[m] + thiamin-PP[m]
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by PDHA1, PDHB, PDHA2, DLAT and 2 moremitochondrial matrix

• 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  2. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, AADAT, ADI1

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, GLDC, GCSHmitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase

  Catalysed by NPL, RENBPcytosol

• taurineReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, BAATmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• a thioesterReach from here →
  1. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a thioester + H2O = a thiol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by FAHD1, PNKD

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, RETSATmitochondrial matrix

• O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  2. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1, CRAT

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2mitochondrial matrix

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  2. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by ME2, SDHB, SDHA, NQO2

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  2. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3mitochondrial matrix

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1, MMUTmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NAD(+) = acetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by AACS, HADH, HSD17B10mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
  3. propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1, PCCA, PCCBmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ACP2mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 10 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  2. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoyl-CoA + CoA

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1, ACAT1

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ACAA1, MYO5Bmitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1, ACADS, ACADSBmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CROTmitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. prostaglandin E2 + NAD(+) = 15-oxoprostaglandin E2 + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  2. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport
  3. Formation of Prostaglandin I2

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  2. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. 15-dehydro-prostaglandin D2 reduction

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, TBXAS1, PTGS2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, PIPOXmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  2. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (prostaglandin H2)

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, SHMT1, SHMT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes