D-serine

Three steps

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, MPSTOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• anthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-Kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by SRR, PC, CSmitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SRR, PC, GOT2mitochondrial matrix

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, SLC7A7inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, IL4I1cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, GPTcytosol

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, ALAS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, CLYBLOne of 19 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GCATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• D-glucopyranose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = D-serine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  2. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
  3. glucose-6-phosphatase (carbamoyl-phosphate)

  Catalysed by SLC1A5, CAD, G6PC2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, CH25Hinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by SRR, HMGCL, HMGCLL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLDC and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, RETSATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SRR, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, SUCLG1, SUCLA2

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACP2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACAA1, MYO5Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes