urate

Three steps

• N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate
  3. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, CLIC1, GSTO1, GSTO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• an S-substituted L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)
  3. an S-substituted glutathione + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSTT4, GSTA4, GSTZ1 and 25 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate
  3. 2 L-cysteinylglycine + [protein]-disulfide = L-cystine-bis-glycine + [protein]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GGT3P, GGT1, GGT5 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5S)-hydroperoxy-(12S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(12S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GPX1, GPX4, ALOX5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• CHEBI:15345Reach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• acetoneReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. cholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = cholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. Cholate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SLC27A2, SLC27A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, endoplasmic reticulum

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, ME2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSR, GPX5, GPX1 and 7 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• formateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ESDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• malonateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• beta-nicotinamide D-ribosideReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. purine nucleoside phosphorylase (nicotinamide)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, PNPinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• ferricytochrome cReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, CYB5D1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (R)-lactateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = methylglyoxal + glutathione
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GLO1, HAGHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, SELENBP1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• NMN zwitterionReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. nicotinamide-D-ribonucleotide:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, NAMPTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dimethylarsinateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. methylarsonous acid + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dimethylarsinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSTO1, GSTO2, HEMK2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSRinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, PCextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. taurochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = taurochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, KYAT1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-methylnicotinamideReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:nicotinamide N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, NNMTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ESD, ADH1C, ADH1A and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 51 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of bilirubin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-lactaldehydeReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = methylglyoxal + glutathione
  3. (R)-Lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GLO1, ADH1C, ADH1A and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXTextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17202Reach from here →
  1. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)
  2. hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+)
  3. IMP:diphosphate phospho-D-ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by XDH, HPRT1cytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• estroneReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. Estrone 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• propanoateReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. propanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = propanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLC22A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, NPLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, TYW1B and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. L-serine hydro-lyase (adding hydrogen sulfide, L-cysteine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, CBSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• inosineReach from here →
  1. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)
  2. hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+)
  3. inosine:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by XDH, PNPcytosol