L-isoleucine

Three steps

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AGXT2, NPLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, RETSATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)

  Catalysed by IARS1, SULT1A3cytosolOne of 7 routes

• D-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC1A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, CPT2, CPT1Aextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 14 routes

• 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase (11-Cis)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• S-methyl-5'-thioadenosineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SRMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• diiodineReach from here →
  1. transport of isoleucine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• nitrateReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. Fe(II)-heme b-[protein] + nitric oxide + O2 = Fe(III)-heme b-[protein] + nitrate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, DIO1extracellular space, cytosol

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, DIO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GNMT, PDPR, DMGDHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17769Reach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, AOC2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• urateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, SLC22A13extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• methylarsonous acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, GSTO1, GSTO2extracellular space, cytosol

• a triacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A10, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ASLextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, MPST and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dTDPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AGXT2, PKM, PKLRextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase
  3. Tryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, AOC1, MAOA and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• spermine monoaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC25A20extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18132Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ATP:choline phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC5A7, CHKA, CHKBextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18183Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• thioredoxin disulfideReach from here →
  1. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by IARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 12 routes

• dodecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GARTextracellular space, cytosol

• arsenic triglutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, AS3MTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-(4-aminobutyl)-3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermidine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:18405Reach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SCLY, PNPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA + O2 = (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AGXT2, GCLCextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of isoleucine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SDS, SDSL, BCKDHA and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-methyltryptamineReach from here →
  1. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:amine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, INMTextracellular space, cytosol

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathione

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, MGST3extracellular space, cytosol

• Xaa-L-Pro dipeptideReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC1A4, PEPDextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Isoleucine
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SHMT1, SHMT2, MTHFD1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, GPX1, GPX4extracellular space, cytosol

• (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GSS, GPX1, GPX4extracellular space, cytosol