methylglyoxal

Three steps

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, CLIC2 and 4 morecytosol

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by AACScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• glycineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 14 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by ME2, SUCLG1, SUCLA2cytosol

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1cytosol

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + NADP(+) = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GNPAT, DHRS7B

• a long-chain fatty acidReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. a long chain fatty alcohol + a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate = a 1-O-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GNPAT, AGPS

• (2R)-3-phospho-glyceroyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(+) = (2R)-3-phospho-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GAPDHS, GAPDH

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate

  Catalysed by TPI1, ALDOA, ALDOB, ALDOC and 2 moreOne of 4 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. leukotriene C4 synthase (GSH)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by AGXT, HYIcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 12 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2cytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2cytosol

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, ENO1, ENO2 and 1 morecytosol

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 9 morecytosolOne of 35 routes

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and sulfotaurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, CHAC2 and 1 morecytosol

• histamineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O

  Catalysed by MPST, AADATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space