thioredoxin dithiol

Three steps

• formateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, AFMIDcytosol

• CHEBI:15746Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYAT1, KYAT3, AADATcytosol, extracellular space

• malonateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine
  3. 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, KYNUcytosol, extracellular space

• bromideReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by MGST3, GSTA4, GSTA1, GSTA2 and 13 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGAcytosol

• ferricytochrome cReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOXcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, SELENBP1cytosol

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, GSTT4, GSTA4 and 21 morecytosol

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by DERAcytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by GOT2, GOT1, TAT, HPDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. mitothioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by NOS3, NOS1, NOS2, CPcytosol

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, MTRRcytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16332Reach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-fructose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. D-Fructose 6-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehyde transferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 8 morecytosol

• ubiquinonesReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. transport of fumarate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. succinate:quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SLC25A10, SDHD, SDHB and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by DDC, AOC2, AOC1, MAOA and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2'-deoxyuridineReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. thymidine kinase (deoxyuridine)
  3. 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 3 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SCLYcytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ACY1cytosol, extracellular space

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. alanine racemase
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  No catalyst recordedcytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC25A12, SLC25A13, GAD1, CSADcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC22A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by MOCOS, RSAD2cytosol

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. mitothioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by ARG1, CA1, CA2cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, L2HGDHcytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by GOT2, TAT, MIFcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. N(6),N(6)-dimethyl-L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 A + 2 H2O = L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 formaldehyde + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, KDM1A, KDM1BcytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by PPCS, PPCDCcytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-erythrose 4-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-fructose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. D-Fructose 6-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehyde transferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 8 morecytosol

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SCLYcytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GATM, GAMTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC26A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-aminoacrylic acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by TPOcytosol

• 2'-deoxyguanosineReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dADP to dATP conversion
  3. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 10 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  No catalyst recordedcytosol

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by GOT2, GOT1, TAT, HPDLcytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  No catalyst recordedcytosol

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes