L-alanine

Three steps

• dCDPReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxycytidine diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• N(tau)-methylhistamineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, HDC, HNMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 13 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrix

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PC, PCK1, PCK2mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• a (2E)-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  2. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + O2 = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, ACAD10, ACOX3, ACOX1 and 1 more

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SQORmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GLYATL3, GLYATL2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AADAT, PAHmitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• cyclic pyranopterin phosphateReach from here →
  1. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  2. GTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H(+)
  3. (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate

  Catalysed by MOCOS, MOCS1

• 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BCAT2, SDR42E2, AKR1B15 and 16 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acyl-L-amino acidReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + a carboxylate

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A11, ACY1, PM20D1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)
  3. sulfotransferase (glycolithocholate)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, BAAT, SULT2A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, ACAD10extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. estrone 3-sulfate + H2O = estrone + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosol

• sphing-4-enine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + ATP = sphing-4-enine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  2. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (9(S)-HPODE)

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS2, PTGS1cytosol

• (2E)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. trans-tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• (2E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• dCTPReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• dUTPReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• Fe(II)-heme aReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. Fe(II)-heme o + 2 A + H2O = Fe(II)-heme a + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MOCOS, COX15extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + H(+) = (R)-4'-phosphopantetheine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, PPCS, PPCDCextracellular space, cytosol

• (2E)-hexenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)
  3. trans-hex-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a cardiolipinReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1'-[1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho],3'-[1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + an acyl-CoA = a cardiolipin + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• (2E)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. trans-oct-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CROT, MECRmitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC4A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• leukotriene D4Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis
  3. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GGT1, GGT5mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• an all-trans-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinol + an acyl-CoA = an all-trans-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 4 routes

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• ubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + ubiquinol-10

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SQORmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a triacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = a triacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)Reach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositolReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositol + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxoeicosasphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxoeicosasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxoeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-docosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-docosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-eicosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-eicosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. sphinganine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. sphinganine + tetradecanoyl-CoA = N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxohexadecasphinganineReach from here →
  1. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol