L-kynurenine

Three steps

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, CADcytosol

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate:sulfide sulfurtransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, GOT2, GOT1, MPST and 1 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AADAT, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 10 moremitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular space

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2, GPTcytosol

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. taurocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = taurocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A24 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• N-formylanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O
  2. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
  3. Formylkynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by AADAT, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 morecytosol

• 3-hydroxyisovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylation

  Catalysed by SLC43A1, BCAT2, ALOX12B, ALOXE3extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, LDHDcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, CH25Hcytosol

• L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine
  3. (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin = (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterin + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, PAH, PCBD1, PCBD2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, RIDAcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, PKM, PKLRcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, NPLcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, CLIC2 and 4 more

• 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, ADI1One of 3 routes

• taurineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, BAATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, RETSATcytosol

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3cytosol

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, FAHD1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACP2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACAA1, MYO5Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLYATmitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLYATL3

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 14 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 21 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes