2-oxobutanoate

Three steps

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 morecytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, PIPOXOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SHMT2

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Active Transport
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, GLYATL3 and 2 more

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, GATMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3',5'-cyclic GMPReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic GMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic GMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 3 routes

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 19 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, GSS

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1cytosol

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, HYIcytosolOne of 2 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + 2-oxobutanoate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + (2S)-2-aminobutanoate
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2, DDAH1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 24 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 31 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3',5'-cyclic AMPReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic AMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic AMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. phosphoethanolamine + H2O = acetaldehyde + NH4(+) + phosphate

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, ETNPPL

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC1A5, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, ENO1 and 2 morecytosol

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, AADATOne of 3 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + 2-oxobutanoate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + (2S)-2-aminobutanoate
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2One of 3 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + 2-oxobutanoate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + (2S)-2-aminobutanoate
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2One of 3 routes

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrix

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AADAT

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC1A5, PPATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + 2-oxobutanoate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + (2S)-2-aminobutanoate
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PCK1, PCK2

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC1A5, GFPT2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1, MSRA