thioredoxin dithiol

Three steps

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Citrate Transport, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SLC25A10, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by GLYATL3, GLYATL2, FAAH, PM20D1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CADcytosolOne of 2 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, CP, PRDX6cytosol

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SLC25A10, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC22A24cytosol, peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SUOX, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SLC25A10, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 9 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. transport of aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, GPTcytosol

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. taurocholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = taurocholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, ABCC4cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• N-formylanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
  3. Formylkynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, KYNUcytosol

• 3-hydroxyisovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylation

  Catalysed by BCAT2, ALOX12B, ALOXE3cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-glucoseReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase
  3. D-Glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 8 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, CH25Hcytosol

• (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine
  3. (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin = (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterin + H2O

  Catalysed by PAH, PCBD1, PCBD2cytosol

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 9 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, CLIC2, GPX1 and 3 morecytosol

• 2-methyl-1-hydroxypropylthiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. Antiport of thiamine-diphosphate and dATP
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, ADI1cytosol

• taurineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by BAATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, RETSATcytosol

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2cytosolOne of 8 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3cytosol

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosol

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, SLC25A10, SUCLG1, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by ACP2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACAA1, MYO5Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes