(S)-malate

Three steps

• beta-nicotinamide D-ribosideReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by FH, SDHB, NQO2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• ferricytochrome cReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SUOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SELENBP1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• androsteroneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)
  3. steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, GSTT4, GSTA4 and 21 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, HPDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, PKM, PKLR and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. Citrate Transport, Mitochondrial
  2. transport of citrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC25A1, PKM, PKLRmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CS, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-oneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)
  3. steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, SLC26A6, SLC26A4mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular space

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. L-valine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-valine(in) + L-aspartate(out)

  Catalysed by GOT2, SLC7A13mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 17 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. Citrate Transport, Mitochondrial
  2. transport of citrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC25A1, PKM, PKLRmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by GOT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• pregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. Steryl-Sulfatase
  3. Pregnenolone-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STSmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SCLYmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, TYW1B, TYW1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT, GRHPRmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• orotic acidReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol
  2. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SDHB, SDHA, DHODHcytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glyoxylate + L-phenylalanine = 3-phenylpyruvate + glycine
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, MIF

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. S-sulfanylglutathione + O2 + H2O = sulfite + glutathione + 2 H(+)
  3. Persulfide dioxygenase

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, ETHE1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (pyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by GOT2, HOGA1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GOT2, NAT8Lmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXTmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-maleylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate

  Catalysed by FH, FAH, GSTZ1cytosol

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, NPLmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter

  Catalysed by GOT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, HPDL

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• estroneReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate + H2O = estrone + sulfate + H(+)
  3. Estrone 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• propanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)
  3. propanoate(out) + dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) = propanoate(in) + dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STS, SLC22A9mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• anilineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CS, NAT2, NAT1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by CSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, KYAT3, AADATmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by FH, SDHB, PRODH, PRODH2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by ME2, ME3, AGXT2, MOCOSmitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, AADAT, ALAS1, ALAS2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by CS, NAGSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 29 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. Steryl-Sulfatase
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, STSmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CS, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBmitochondrial matrix, cytosol