CHEBI:15570

Three steps

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, CTHperoxisome, cytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SCLY, CTHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, GPX5 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DAO, MPST, LDHB, LDHC and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2peroxisome

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHcytosol, extracellular space

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, NAGScytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, SLC22A6, SLC22A8extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by DAO, NPLperoxisome, cytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, FAHD1peroxisome

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, CLIC1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC1A1cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, FARSB, FARSAcytosol, extracellular space

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, DARS1cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, WARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, LACC1cytosol, extracellular space

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, NARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• hydrogenselenideReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)

  Catalysed by MOCOS, SCLYcytosol

• cholateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycolateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  3. glycolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, DAO, GRHPRextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CTHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2cytosol, extracellular space

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, AADAT, HAO1extracellular space, cytosol

• anthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-Kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by DAO, PC, CSperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GLYATL3, GLYATL2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, CP and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1peroxisome, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, BAAT, SLC22A24extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DAO, PC, GOT2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A7cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1peroxisome, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CADcytosolOne of 2 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SLC25A10peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes