L-kynurenine

Three steps

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, GSTT4 and 22 more

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC25A35 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, ARG1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, ABATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, MTRRcytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, TPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 25 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, PCcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLYcytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, ACY1cytosol, extracellular space

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. alanine racemase
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by AADAT, CDO1, GAD1, CSADcytosol

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, RSAD2cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, KYAT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, L2HGDHcytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. formaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = formate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, ALDH9A1One of 6 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, FAHD1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by AADAT, PPCS, PPCDCcytosolOne of 2 routes

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLYcytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GATM, GAMTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, NAT8Lcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC6A14, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, AGXTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSScytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSScytosol

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. itaconate + glutaryl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• anilineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, NAT2, NAT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, NPLcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTmitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by AADAT, MOCOS, RETSAT

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, TSTD1One of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, PRODH2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1cytosol

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by KYNU, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix