gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of Tiglylcarnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• isobutyryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4-methyl-pentanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, GLYATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• isovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (isovalerylglycine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, GLYAT and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• arachidonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 14 routes

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. Cholate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC27A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• palmitoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• oleoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• phenylacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Phenylacetate:CoA ligase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACSS3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 43 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, ME2cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 12(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• 5(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX5cytosol, extracellular space

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, TPH1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, CHDHcytosol

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, DHPScytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, NAA10cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• formateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, ADH1C, ADH1A, ADH5 and 4 morecytosol

• CHEBI:15746Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SAT1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, THcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• thioredoxin dithiolReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CARS1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-lactateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, GLO1, GLOD4, HAGHcytosol

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SELENBP1cytosol

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, ARG1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• dimethylarsinateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. methylarsonous acid + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dimethylarsinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, GSTO1, GSTO2, HEMK2

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, DGAT1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• iodideReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine,iodide:acceptor oxidoreductase (iodinating)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DIO1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 12 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, PCcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, ACY1cytosol, extracellular space

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, EPXcytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 16 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CDO1, GAD1 and 1 morecytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLC7A9, SLCO1B3 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• dopamine quinoneReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MPOcytosol, extracellular space, lysosomeOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, AADATcytosol, extracellular space

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, CNDP2cytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, DDCcytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, KYAT1cytosolOne of 5 routes