taurine

Three steps

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-homocysteine + glycine betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A12, BHMTextracellular space, cytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, BHMT2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, AOC1cytosol

• L-glutamyl 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate
  3. L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP(+) = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GATM, OAT, ALDH18A1

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 moreperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 35 routes

• 3-oxosphinganineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (DHAP)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by BAAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. spermidine + acetyl-CoA = N(1)-acetylspermidine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SAT1, SAT2peroxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)
  3. spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SAT1, SAT2, SMOXperoxisome, cytosol

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC1A4peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. taurocholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = taurocholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by BAAT, ABCC4, CHAC2, CHAC1peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• histamineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. taurocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = taurocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC22A24, SLC22A8, SLC22A6peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)
  2. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by MTO1, DHFR, DHFR2, ATICcytosol

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion

  Catalysed by BAAT, SAT1, SAT2peroxisome, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, CARS2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 14 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + H2O

  Catalysed by BAAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2 and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, PPATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by BAAT, ACLY, PCK1, PCK2peroxisome, cytosol

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, GFPT2, GFPT1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, MSRAperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• a (2E)-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + O2 = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by MTO1, ACAD10, ACOX3, ACOX1 and 1 more

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SQORperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, PPCSperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• cyclic pyranopterin phosphateReach from here →
  1. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)
  2. GTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H(+)
  3. (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate

  Catalysed by MTO1, MOCS1

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)
  2. A + NADH + H(+) = AH2 + NAD(+)
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by MTO1, AIFM1, PYROXD1, ACAD10One of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC1A4peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene)
  3. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• sphing-4-enine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + ATP = sphing-4-enine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by BAAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)
  2. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (9(S)-HPODE)

  Catalysed by MTO1, PTGS2, PTGS1cytosol

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by BAAT, NAGS, CDO1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. trans-tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes