D-serine

Three steps

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, DDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, L2HGDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GSSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, DAOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLYinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHB, LDHAL6B, CYB5D1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, NAT8Linner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SRR, NPLcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• anilineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, NAT2, NAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, PRODH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, SDHB, SDHA

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, ALAS1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC6A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, HALinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• urateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHB, LDHAL6B, SLC22A12mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ABATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by SRR, KYAT1cytosolOne of 6 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, FHcytosolOne of 6 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by SRR, MPST, TSTcytosol

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, FAHmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18183Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GARTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, DDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18405Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLY, PNPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, GCLCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GSSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBmitochondrial matrix

• Xaa-L-Pro dipeptideReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC1A4, PEPDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane