putrescine

Three steps

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, EPXextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, MARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, ARG1, CA1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, AADATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, CNDP2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)
  3. L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, KYAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ZDHHC11B, NAA10 and 31 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)
  3. Dephospho-CoA nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACP2, ENPP3 and 1 morecytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• creatineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATM, GAMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrix

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14, SLC26A6extracellular space, cytosol

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (lithocholate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CRAT, CROT and 1 morecytosol, peroxisome

• S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SUCLG1, SUCLG2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, CYP17A1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• 2'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase
  3. Deoxyadenosine:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by SRM, MTAP, PNPcytosol

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-Retinol 11-cis-trans-isomerase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• hypoxanthineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase
  3. Adenine aminohydrolase

  Catalysed by SRM, MTAPcytosol

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, PRODH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 14 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAAT, MTO1cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase (11-Cis)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 3 morecytosol

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 4 morecytosol

• nitrateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. Fe(II)-heme b-[protein] + nitric oxide + O2 = Fe(III)-heme b-[protein] + nitrate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14, SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, CES2 and 2 morecytosol

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• urateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, ARG1, MPOextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a triacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, BCAT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 10 morecytosol