choline

Three steps

• succinate semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SGSHextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, TYRextracellular space, cytosol

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, AASSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene C4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CHAT, BAAT, GATMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by CHAT, BAAT, GADL1, CSADcytosol

• N(1)-acetylspermineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. N(1)-acetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + spermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, PAOXcytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, GCLC, GCLMcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)
  3. L-homocysteine + L-serine = L,L-cystathionine + H2O

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CBScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, CADextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, PAPSS1, PAPSS2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. choline dehydrogenase (choline)
  2. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-homocysteine + glycine betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine

  Catalysed by CHDH, ALDH7A1, BHMTcytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, BHMT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, HDAC10cytosol

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 13 routes

• 3-oxosphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (DHAP)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol, peroxisome

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. spermidine + acetyl-CoA = N(1)-acetylspermidine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2cytosol

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)
  3. spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, SMOXcytosol

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, HDAC10cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by CHATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CARS2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 14 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + H2O

  Catalysed by CHAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, PPATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLY, PCK1, PCK2cytosol

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, ACY3cytosol

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GFPT2, GFPT1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, MSRAcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a (2E)-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + O2 = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by CHDH, ACAD10, ACOX3, ACOX1 and 1 more