choline

Three steps

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)
  3. (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-lysine(in) + L-arginine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, SLC7A9, SLC25A29 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, SRMcytosolOne of 4 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol

• a carboxylic esterReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, CES2, CES1, CES5A and 2 more

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thiosulfate(in) + sulfate(out) = thiosulfate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, IL4I1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, BCAT2, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• taurodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, SLC27A5, BAATcytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5B and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• cholesteryl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. ATP:choline phosphotransferase
  2. CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase
  3. diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol)

  Catalysed by CHKA, CHKB, PCYT1A, PCYT1B and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• a 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. ATP:choline phosphotransferase
  2. CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase
  3. CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase

  Catalysed by CHKA, CHKB, PCYT1A, PCYT1B and 2 morecytosol

• CHEBI:36882Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA hydro-lyase (itaconyl-CoA-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-hydroxyisovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)
  3. Formation of 3-Hydroxy-Isovalerate

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. phytanate-CoA ligase
  3. peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACOT2cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• sphingosine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. ATP:sphingosine 1-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O
  3. cytochrome P450 (25-hydroxycholesterol)

  Catalysed by CHDH, CH25H, CYP7B1endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of glycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• cholesteryl (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol

• 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate
  2. phosphocholine + CTP + H(+) = CDP-choline + diphosphate
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol + CDP-choline = 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CMP + H(+)

  Catalysed by PHOSPHO1, PCYT1A, PCYT1B, CEPT1

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding GTP

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLY, PCK1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol = 13-cis-retinol

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 3 morecytosol

• spermineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + spermidine = spermine + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, SMScytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (9Z-octadecenoate)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 2 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CHAT, BAAT, GATMcytosolOne of 59 routes

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, ASAH1cytosolOne of 3 routes