glycine

Three steps

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• dimethylarsinateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. methylarsonous acid + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dimethylarsinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, GSTO1, GSTO2, HEMK2

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A9, SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, MOCOS and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 10 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC22A24, SLC22A8peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation
  3. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate:oxydized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GARS1, TXN, RRM1, RRM2 and 2 morecytosol

• selaneReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SCLYextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 17 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, CDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A9, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, MOCOS and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLC7A9, SLCO1B3 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ARG1, CA1, CA2extracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SCLY and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dopamine quinoneReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MPOcytosol, extracellular space, lysosomeOne of 4 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, MOCOS and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2, FAHD1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)
  3. Dephospho-CoA nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by BAAT, ACP2, ENPP3, ENPP1peroxisome, lysosome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SCLYextracellular space, cytosol

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, TSTD1, SUOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrix

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA

  Catalysed by BAAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatus

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 2-aminoacrylic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPOextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-lactaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-Lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating)

  Catalysed by GSS, GLO1, GLOD4, ADH1C and 6 morecytosol

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, CRAT, CROT, NUDT19peroxisome

• S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• dehydroascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DBHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 21 routes

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2, NPLperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, AGXT2, TYW1B and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by BAAT, SLC22A24, SUGCTperoxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane