D-serine

Three steps

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CROTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, ALDH6A1

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, TBXAS1, PTGS2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, PIPOXinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, ASLinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CARNS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, ADSS2, ADSS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = D-serine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  2. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
  3. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A5, GFPT2, GFPT1, GNPDA1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLYATL3 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SRR, NPL, CMAScytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SAT1, SAT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TYRinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GSSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, AASSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, DDAH1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, AGAinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, NAGSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, GCLC, GCLMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, BHMT2

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (2R)-3-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. D-serine + O2 + H2O = 3-hydroxypyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-glycerate + NAD(+) = 3-hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. ATP:(R)-glycerate 3-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by DAO, GRHPR, GLYCTKcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, ENO1 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A9, SLC3A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, HDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol