3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine

Three steps

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10, CARNS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by KMO, AADATOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by KMO, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, ADSS2, ADSS1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by KMO, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, GOT2, GOT1cytosolOne of 5 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, ADH1C and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SAT1, SAT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, TYRextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, AASSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, DDAH1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, OATextracellular space, cytosol

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, AGA

• porphobilinogenReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, ALAS1, ALAS2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by KYNU, NAGSmitochondrial matrix

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, GCLC, GCLMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, BHMT2

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + N,N-dimethylglycine + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + sarcosine + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, PIPOX, DMGDH

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, BHMT2

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A9, SLC3A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 36 routes

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and sulfotaurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, CHAC2 and 1 more

• histamineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, HDCextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, PAICScytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SHMT1, ATICcytosol

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by KYNU, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, CARS2

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, CLYBLmitochondrial matrix

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, SLC27A5mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, MSRA

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 more

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, SLC27A5mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SQORcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• methylamineReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + methylamine

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, DDAH1

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by KMO, AADAT, PPCScytosolOne of 4 routes

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLYATL3, GLYATL2 and 1 moreOne of 5 routes