D-alanine

Three steps

• anilineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, NAT2, NAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, PRODH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SDHB, SDHA

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, ALAS1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC6A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, HALinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• urateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHB, LDHAL6B, SLC22A12mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ABATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by DAO, KYAT1cytosolOne of 6 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, FHcytosolOne of 6 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by DAO, MPST, TSTcytosol

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, FAHmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18183Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GARTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, DDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18405Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLY, PNPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, PFASinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, GCLCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GSSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by DAO, TYW1B, TYW1, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBmitochondrial matrix

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by DAO, SRR, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• Xaa-L-Pro dipeptideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC1A4, PEPDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, CARS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 4 more

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 more

• 3-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, NANScytosol

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes