glyoxylate

Three steps

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoateReach from here →
  1. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
  2. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + H2O = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, FAAH

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GATM, SLC25A2, SLC25A15cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GATM, ODC1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, HMGCL, HMGCLL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, CLIC2, GPX1 and 3 more

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-maleylacetoacetic acidReach from here →
  1. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  2. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)
  3. Homogentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by AADAT, HPD, HGDcytosol

• 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoateReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + formate + 2 H(+)
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, ADI1

• Cu(+)Reach from here →
  1. N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate
  2. N-octanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, CYBRD1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  2. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CRAT

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  2. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SDHB, SDHA, NQO2

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, ALDH6A1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, ACP2peroxisome, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  2. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoyl-CoA + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACAT1

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, ACAA1, MYO5BperoxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  2. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = acryloyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACAD8One of 2 routes

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GLYATmitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 4 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 10 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GLYATL3

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2 and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, CROTperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 21 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BAAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 5 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes