serotonin

Three steps

• iron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
  3. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CYBRD1extracellular space, cytosol

• Mn(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mn(2+)(out) + Ca(2+)(in) = Mn(2+)(in) + Ca(2+)(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLC24A1, SLC24A5, SLC24A4 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Zn(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Zn(2+)(in) + Ca(2+)(out) = Zn(2+)(out) + Ca(2+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLC24A1, SLC24A5, SLC24A4 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AANAT, NAGS, CARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AANAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H(+) = serotonin + CO2
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DDC, TPH1, TPH2, WARS1cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AANAT, NAGS, NARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by AANAT, CHAT, PHOSPHO1cytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AANAT, NAGS, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE, ACHEextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosol

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H(+) = serotonin + CO2
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by DDC, TPH1, TPH2, IDO1 and 2 morecytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by AANAT, PAOX, SMOXcytosolOne of 4 routes

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, ADH1C, ADH1A and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACLY, CScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLC12A2, SLC12A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:308079Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine:N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
  3. tryptase (melatonin)

  Catalysed by AANAT, ASMTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by AANAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACOT8cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC22A24extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 17 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACLY, GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• pentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. pentanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = pentanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1, SLC22A9extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by AANAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by AANAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)
  3. (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AANAT, SAT1, SAT2, SRMcytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5, GPX1 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5, GPX1 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AANAT, NAGS, IL4I1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AANAT, NAGS, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by AANAT, CHAT, BCHEcytosol, nucleus

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by AANAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AANAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, SLC27A5, BAATcytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AANAT, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5B and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• cholesteryl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AANAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulum