urate

Three steps

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• pentanoateReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. pentanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = pentanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLC22A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a carboxylic esterReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, CP, PRDX6, CES2 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSR, GSTO1, GSTO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GSR, TSTD1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 13 routes

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by CYBRD1, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, SRRextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-ribose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)
  2. xanthosine:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase
  3. xanthosine:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by XDH, PNPcytosol

• a hydroperoxideReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a hydroperoxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = an alcohol + [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, CP, PRDX6, PRDX5 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of glycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, LDHDextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 1-O-(1,2-saturated-alkyl)-sn-glycerol + (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = a 1-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-sn-glycerol + (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterin + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, AGMOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, RIDAextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, PKM and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, NPLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Cu(+)Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, CLIC1, GSTO1, GSTO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. propanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-propanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, SQOR, NQO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1, TBXAS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate
  3. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glycineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, MGST3, GSTM4, LTC4S and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate
  3. glutaryl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SUGCT, GCDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate
  3. glutaryl-CoA + O2 = (2E)-glutaconyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SUGCT, ACOX1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, GLYATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• choloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. cholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = cholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. cholate + ATP + CoA = choloyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SLC27A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate
  3. itaconate + glutaryl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. prostaglandin E2 + NAD(+) = 15-oxoprostaglandin E2 + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1, HPGDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1, CBR3 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport
  3. Formation of Prostaglandin I2

  Catalysed by SLC22A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. 15-dehydro-prostaglandin D2 reduction

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, GPX1, GPX2, GPX4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (prostaglandin H2)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1, TBXAS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione
  3. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, MGST3, GSTM4, LTC4S and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, CYB5D1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-dopa

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, THinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• orotidine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. orotate(out) + nicotinate(in) = orotate(in) + nicotinate(out)
  3. orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, UMPSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane