D-serine

Three steps

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminopentanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNU, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, PAICSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O

  Catalysed by SRR, MPST, AADATOne of 15 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNU, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, CARS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrix

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNU, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, SLC27A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by SRR, PC, PCK1, PCK2mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, MSRA

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SRR, TYW1B, TYW1, MSRB3 and 2 more

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, SLC27A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLYATL2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• methylamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + methylamine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, DDAH1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, PPCSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• pyridoxal 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate + O2 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SCLY, PNPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• an L-alpha-amino acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNU, SLC7A11inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC6A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, CDO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• decanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline
  3. trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC1A4, PYCR1, PYCR3 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:63544Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (adrenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• hexacosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• tetracosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 10 routes

• docosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, ACAD10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• xanthurenateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNU, KYAT3, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (2E)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• L-threonylcarbamoyladenylateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. L-threonine + hydrogencarbonate + ATP = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, YRDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DPA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• (13Z)-docosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-erucic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-TPA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes