acetate

Three steps

• glycineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 21 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NAD(+) = acetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport
  3. Formation of Prostaglandin I2

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin D2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin D2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamineReach from here →
  1. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  2. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SRMcytosol

• (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate 5-hydrolase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, MTHFD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• propane-1,3-diamineReach from here →
  1. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  2. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  3. [eIF5A protein]-L-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A protein]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, DHPScytosol

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, ENPP2, GDPD3 and 1 moreOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by ACY1, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• ethanolamineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + ethanolamine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, GDPD1One of 2 routes

• beta-D-fructose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  2. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate amidohydrolase
  3. alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AMDHD2, CEMP1, GNPDA1, GNPDA2cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, PRDX6, LPCAT4 and 5 moreOne of 6 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ACY1, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  2. N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
  3. N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UTP + H(+) = UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + diphosphate

  Catalysed by AMDHD2, PGM3, UAP1

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosol

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, ASPG

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:alcohol sulfotransferase

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, SULT1E1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, ENPP2One of 4 routes

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 13 routes

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by ACY1, OATcytosol

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 16 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermineReach from here →
  1. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  2. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  3. N(1)-acetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + spermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by HDAC10, PAOXcytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. phosphoethanolamine + H2O = acetaldehyde + NH4(+) + phosphate

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, ETNPPLendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, AOC1

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1-acyl-2-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-2-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, LPCAT4

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2

  Catalysed by HDAC10, PAOXOne of 2 routes