methylglyoxal

Three steps

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, NME4, NME6 and 4 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by ME2, SLC25A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, DTYMKcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ABATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLRcytosol

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, MARS1cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, GRHPRcytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, AADATcytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 2 morecytosol

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• D-erythrose 4-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate

  Catalysed by TPI1, TALDO1

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. (R)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by NPLcytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHLcytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHLcytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, TSTD1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-glyceraldehydeReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. D-glyceraldehyde + ATP = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, TKFCOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by ME2, SDHB, SDHAcytosol

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHLcytosolOne of 22 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• urateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, SLC22A13cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• methylarsonous acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTO1 and 1 morecytosol

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by KYAT1cytosol

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by ME2, FHcytosolOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by MPST, TSTcytosol

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by FAHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 17 routes

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3, ENTPD1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space

• arsenic triglutathioneReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, AS3MTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, SLC7A8cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes