gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of citrulline and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, LACC1cytosol, extracellular space

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SUMF1cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of asparagine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, NARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. D-aspartate(out) + K(+)(in) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = D-aspartate(in) + K(+)(out) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC1A1, SLC1A7 and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CDO1, SLC25A12 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 26 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, IDO1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase

  Catalysed by GSS, ADH1C, ADH1A, ADH5 and 4 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol

  Catalysed by GSS, SQOR, DHODH

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC22A24cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC22A13, SLC22A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC3A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• a carboxylic esterReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, CP, PRDX6, CES2 and 4 more

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSS, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 13 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 11 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, BCAT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SRRcytosolOne of 11 routes

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by GSScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a hydroperoxideReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a hydroperoxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = an alcohol + [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSS, CP, PRDX6, PRDX5 and 4 more

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:37946Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT1A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase

  Catalysed by GSS, GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 10 routes

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, RIDAcytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, PKM and 1 morecytosol

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, NPLcytosol

• N-methylserotoninReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:amine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, INMTcytosol, extracellular space

• Cu(+)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, CLIC1, GSTO1, GSTO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating)(flavin-containing)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MAOA and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, BAATcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acid amide hydrolase (2-arachidonoylglycerol)

  Catalysed by GSS, FAAHcytosol, extracellular space